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Ruthenium

And, the Most Expensive and Rare Precious Metals Are:

While everything that shimmers isn’t gold, some precious shimmering metals are more valuable than gold. Precious metals are naturally occurring metallic compounds that are generally less reactive than other elements and have a dynamic luster. Throughout history, precious metals were considered as important if not more valuable than currency.

Today, precious metals are viewed and collected for their industrial commodity value and as relatively safe vehicles for investment. Yet, the value of these precious metals isn’t derived from their applicational use. Instead, the value of the following precious metals is derived from the metal’s store of use and investment value. The following precious metals are the most expensive, rarest, and most desirable metals in the world.

  1. Platinum is a spectacular dazzling silvery metal that is the second most precious and expensive metal in the world. Platinum became widely recognized and popular in the jewelry industry due to its amazing reflective properties in light. Platinum is known for its non-corrosive properties, density, and excellent malleability. Adding to the metal’s allure and exclusivity, platinum is only found in South Africa, Russia, Canada, and a few other places.  Its price today is $1527 / oz.
  2. Gold has been idolized, set as the world wide standard, and adored as early as the Egyptian period through to the 19th century when miners stormed California looking for nuggets. Today, gold remains to be one of the most precious metals and one of the best investment options because of its amazing durability, desirability, and malleability. Currently, gold is selling for $1382.74,  The majority of gold is mined in South Africa, the United States, Australia, and in China. While gold commonly lends its beauty for jewelry, its highly conductive properties makes it ideal for electronics.
  3. Rhodium, at $1010.00 / oz is the third most expensive and precious metal that exists in the world. Rhodium’s reflective properties make the metal instrumental in making mirrors, jewelry finish, and other reflective items like search lights. The high melting point of rhodium allows the metal to withstand corrosion. In effect, rhodium is ideal in the manufacturing of catalytic applications in the automotive industry and as additives in the industrial field. With 60% of Rhodium being found in South Africa and the remainder found in Russia, rhodium is relatively rare.
  4. Ruthenium was discovered in 1844 by Russian scientist Karl Karlovic Klaus. As a precious metal from the platinum group, ruthenium is a bright grey metal that keeps several of the platinum group’s properties. This precious metal currently sells at $77 / oz and is found in the same areas and ores as its platinum relatives. Ruthenium is extremely useful when it is isolated through an advanced chemical process. Afterwards, the metal can be added to platinum and palladium to make the alloy compound harder and more resistant to scratches. The precious metal has even found many uses in the electronics industry as an effective plate for electrical contacts.
  5. Iridium is another member of the platinum group, but this dynamic metallic element is simply extreme. The whitish alloy maintains one of the highest densities among all metals, maintains an extremely high melting point, and iridium resists corrosive better than any other metal. This extremist metal amazingly can withstand water, air, and even acid. As you would expect, this extreme metal is difficult to manipulate and obtain. With roots in South Africa, this extreme metal is processed as a byproduct of nickel mining and platinum ore. The extreme characteristics of this metal lend its features to medical advancements, the automobile industry, electronics industry, and even is instrumental in pens, compasses, and watches. Most recently, jewelers have been interested in the brilliant luster, low-tarnish factor, and amazingly high shine of the metal. As of today, Iridium can be purchased for $825 / oz.

The Most At Risk Metals

Rare Earth Elements critical to 80% of Modern Industry

Much has been made, maybe too much, of the dire straits the world will shortly be in when the Chinese finally choke off supplies of rare earth metals, or elements (REE) to the outside world. No one would deny REEs have many critical uses, but you can’€™t help wondering if there aren’t a lot of vested interests behind some of the clamor.

In the process, the supply side constraints on many other metals (with a few exceptions) are overlooked, until now, that is. The British Geological Survey has produced an intriguing report called the Risk List 2011. The analysis is, in their own words, intended to give a quick and simple indication of the relative risk to the supply of 52 chemical elements or element groups which we need to maintain our economy and lifestyle.

The list is much more than a simple list of rarity, REEs being a case in point; they are not rare, but the combination of relative abundance, location of deposits and concentration of production in certain countries makes them a much higher risk than metals that are rarer, but whose production is more widely distributed among politically reliable sources. Each element is given a score from 1.0 to 5.0 for each of the following criteria:

A score of 1 indicates a low risk, a score of 5 a high risk. The scores for each criterion are summed to give an overall risk to supply score, obviously the larger the score, the greater the risk.

Low-Risk Metals

The lowest scores are (from the bottom up):

  • Titanium 2.5
  • Aluminium 3.5
  • Chromium 3.5
  • Iron 3.5
  • Thorium 7.0
  • Bismuth 7.0
  • Rare Earth’s 8.0
  • Tungsten 8.5
  • PGM’s 8.5
  • Antimony 8.5

No major surprises there. Occurrence is plentiful and widely distributed, as is production. One may have expected to see titanium and chrome, both of which rely in part on supplies from Russia and South Africa, to have scored a little higher, but the report lists Australia and Canada as the leading producers for the first three and although China is listed as the leading producer for iron ore, they are also the leading consumer and a net importer.

Higher-Risk Metals

Unfortunately, not so at the other end of the list. China comes out as the leading producer of 27 of the elements listed and ranks as the leading producer in six of the top nine most at-risk elements, all of which are metals. The reason we chose nine instead of the top 10 is because items 10 and 11 are bromine and graphite respectively, but following these, the list promptly gets back into metals through the middle orders.

Extract from BGS Risk List 2011:

*PGM’€™s include the Platinum Group Metals: Ruthenium, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium and of course Platinum, but interestingly Rhodium is not mentioned. Source: British Geological Survey.

How often do we hear of supply risks to antimony, mercury or tungsten? Yet these metals are used in a bewildering array of applications. China produces nearly 90 percent of the world’€™s mined antimony and 85 percent of the world’€™s mined tungsten, according to the USGS. Arguably, tungsten is as critical as REEs, used as it is in a huge array of metal alloys for electrical, strength and wear resistant applications. Like REEs, China is restricting exports of tungsten and the BGS ranks the supply risks as even higher than REEs.

The purpose of the Risk List is not to cause alarm, but to alert policy makers and consumers to possible supply disruption in the future. As competition for resources grows, these metals currently present the highest risk due to geopolitics, resource nationalism (state control of production), strikes and natural disasters impacting a highly concentrated supply base. Metals buyers and product designers could do worse than spend a few minutes perusing this list and reflecting on their own raw material supply arrangements.

By Stuart Burns
September 15th, 2011
www.agmetalminer.com


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